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Whistlers are also comprised of energy released from lightning, except instead of propagating directly, these signals actually escape the atmosphere entirely, propagate along magnetic field lines and within the radiation belts (causing different frequencies to travel at different speeds), and land at the other end, where they reenter the atmosphere. In fact, as Stanford researchers pioneered in the 1970s, injection of VLF signals into the magnetosphere can lead to a variety of physical phenomenon in the magnetosphere, when these waves interact with radiation belt particles. Read more about the Siple Station experiment whose data are still being analyzed even 35 years later! Nature itself also spontaneously creates some ELF/VLF energy in the magnetosphere, like chorus waves (again named for its sound if played as an audio file, resembling a chorus of birds). The third and final noise is a VERY high pitched tone (you may have trouble hearing it, but it is there). You’ll notice a pattern to it – 1,2,3, pause,1,2,3, pause… These are the `Alpha’ navigation beacons operated in Russia, and are an example of a VLF transmitter, which can be used to remotely sense disturbances in the ionosphere. Another way of presenting VLF data is in the form of a spectrogram, and here is an example of the same data in this form: The data are divided up into small time segments, in this case 10 ms long. A Fourier transform is performed on each segment, and the color shows the magnitude of the signal. The numerous vertical lines on these spectrograms are radio atmospherics, or `sferics’, originating from lightning strikes, which could be anywhere in the world. Lightning emits short bits of impulsive radiation which can observed be at global distances from the source since they are guided by the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. These correspond to the “click” and “tweek” sounds in the audio sample. A zoom-in a radio atmospheric is shown in the bottom left panel. There are also a set of short horizontal lines between 10 and 15 kHz. These are the `Alpha’ navigation beacons. Tur sister maçlarıyla başladı.